Human Development

Two strands of human advancement are social and passionate. 2. Two phases of human advancement from the contextual investigation are more established adulthood and adulthood. 3. Nature is the thing that you are brought into the world with, similar to what you acquire from your folks, a model from the contextual investigation is that Iain and Kirsty’s little girl has earthy colored wavy hair simply like Iain. 4. Sustain is the thing that you learn as you grow up and experience life; a case of support from the contextual analysis is that Anne is anticipating thinking about her new great little girl when Kirsty comes back to work. . Two key highlights of conduct approach is Behavioral and Consequence, Behavioral importance if a youngster needs something and takes a fit, and Consequence meaning on the off chance that they are giving what they need, at that point they will imagine that it is the right method to carry on and there for do it once more. 6. Three key highlights of the social learning hypothesis are Bonding †youngsters interfacing with individuals, similar to guardians causing them to feel safe around them and loved.Loss †If somebody bites the dust or leaves, for instance a friend or family member you miss them and begin to feel this feeling of misfortune throughout everyday life, similar to an unfilled space has shown up that wasn’t there previously. 7. Two manners by which the conduct approach can help care laborers comprehend human turn of events and conduct is , it encourages them figure out the proper behavior and react to a child’s conduct and causes them see how they ought to respond to something, for example, acclaim them for beneficial things however reveal to them no it wasn't right on the off chance that they accomplished something incorrectly. . From the contextual analysis you can comprehend why Jenny wouldn't like to move into bolstered convenience since she is glad at home as well as she feels secure and ador ed comfortable with her mum, and now imagines that she is getting pushed aside as her mum has remarried and is moving in with her new accomplice. Jenny will feel a feeling of misfortune because of this and may likewise feel deprivation because of just losing her father multi year prior. Remaining at home could remind.. Human Development HSV 504: Human Development-Early Memory Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction Many human advancement masters have inspected memory loss of grown-ups further down the road. During the previous fifty years, there have been numerous examinations in children’s subjective turn of events and prior cherished memory misfortune. Ernest G. Schachtel directed investigations on why individuals overlook cherished recollections as they become more seasoned. He depicted the procedures that could be associated with early memory misfortune (Crain, 2005). He was impacted by Sigmund Freud’s intellectual hypothesis (Crain, 2005). Lev S.Vygotsky, in any case, portrayed children’s early memory advancement as an all encompassing procedure that included society, physiological, social, and affordable situations. (Vygotsky, 1978) Vygotsky was affected by Karl Marx’s hypothesis of people’s improvement, noted Crain (2005). Schachtel was impacted by Sigmund Fre ud; the two scholars appeared to concur that kids figure out how to recall all the more methodicallly when incited by an increasingly experienced individual, similar to their folks and parental figures (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010). Youngsters isolated from their folks when they were kids can have divided recollections of that before time.There are a progression of frameworks engaged with memory misfortune (Lerner, Easterbrooks, and Mistry, 2003). Watchwords: memory, socialization, youth, forms, condition HSV 504: Human Development-Early memory misfortune Doctor Schachtel said grown-ups lose their youth recollections. He says the more established kids get, the more youth recollections they lose (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) clarified that Schachtel said youth memory misfortune was called â€Å"infantile amnesia† (p. 327). At the point when they were newborn children individuals had extraordinary encounters; anyway as time passed and different encounters had their spot, they ove rlooked the prior recollections (Crain, 2005).Most significantly, the previous encounters were lost since they happened before the kid could talk. Like his antecedent Freud, Schachtel said that somewhat, early antagonistic and sexual emotions were stifled on the grounds that they prompted disgrace (Crain, 2005). Schachtel thought overlooking most youth recollections was normal to each experience individuals had during youth. What's more, youngsters were associated via parental figures and friends to change their first reaction to joy so as to adjust to social expectations.Schachtel accepted that the distinctions with adult’s and children’s memory misfortune were with how they encountered their lives. He said that grown-ups experience their lives principally through verbal affiliations (Crain, 2005), like seeing a decent shade of blue and saying what a pretty shading it is. Kids before one year old enough experience their lives through taste and smell (Crain, 2005). As youngsters grow up, they begin to comply with the manner in which grown-ups and peers experience the world, yet to keep up the portrayal of natural view of the world (Crain, 2005). Schachtel said that newborn children experience existence with their senses.The most significant sense is taste. Infants have more taste buds than grown-ups do (Crain, 2005). Commonly whatever they clean breezes up in their mouths. Also, the feeling of smell is critical to babies since they figure out how to recognize their mom by her smell, just as how she tastes. The feeling of sight isn't as imperative to babies for what it's worth for more established kids (Crain, 2005). Schachtel distinguishes these faculties as body detects. Temperature is felt on the body as hot and cold, they are inside faculties, he said. Sight and hearing are outside faculties since they are other centered. Smell and taste are inside centered (Crain, 2005).According to Schachtel, when grown-ups experience memory classes, they ha ve almost no words to portray the tasting, smelling and feeling faculties in memory (Crain, 2005). At the point when kids begin to encounter life by investigating new things, taking a gander at their body capacities for instance, grown-ups become concerned and start mingling them to react such as themselves (Crain, 2005). Freud said the equivalent regarding youngsters being disheartened from researching their body capacities (Gay, 1998). Be that as it may, he said that they are disheartened from that experience by their parental figures (Crain, 2005). It is viewed as impolite in the west to segregate dependent on smell.To state someone’s breath smells awful out in the open isn't viewed as amiable, with the goal that assumption is seldom spoken in broad daylight. However, personal stench is the essential smell that would interest an extremely little youngster, said Schachtel (Crain, 2005). Their folks reveal to them that it isn't acceptable and the youngster figures out how to separate herself from that tangible delight. Schachtel likewise said that with breathing easy the profoundly delicate tangible encounters are lost to the kids since they are subdued (Crain, 2005). Schachtel accepted that grown-ups are less delicate to their prior tangible discernments because of socialization (Crain, 2005).The faculties become characterized as either fortunate or unfortunate, and grown-ups have broad jargon marking things they see, however not food that they taste or scents they smell (Crain, 2005). Schachtel further clarifies the main grown-ups that would in any case have their prior recognitions unblemished after parental and companion socialization would be innovative people like authors and painters (Crain, 2005). At the point when a kid gets more seasoned, numerous things that were acknowledged in earliest stages can turn out to be less exceptional on the grounds that their direction changes toward the outside faculties, sight and touch.Schachtel additionally said that infants appreciated the glow of defensive situations (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) included that Schachtel was a pioneer in his perceptions about the loss of early recollections. When Schachtel began composing, nobody else knew that as individuals got more seasoned they lost huge numbers of their cherished recollections (Crain, 2005). In the years after Schachtel had expounded on early memory misfortune, there have been a few investigations that have added to his bits of knowledge. Crain (2005) additionally expressed we could lose recollections prior and quicker than Schachtel said we did. Lev S.Vygotsky said that youngsters create inside their particular societies and social orders some time before they figure out how to speak (Crain, 2005). He likewise noticed a children’s advancement included its general public, financial status, and physiological turn of events. Vygotsky (1978) focused on that a childs’ learning forms where more than subliminal and mental; children’s improvement can develop inside each natural part of their lives. Kids gain from guardians in their particular societies how to relate inside their surroundings, noted Broderick and Blewitt (2010).Vygotsky said that kids figured out how to relate in two phases: first when guardians instruct them to interrelate; and afterward inside themselves as they begin to associate with their friends (Crain, 2005). In particular, Schachtel encouraged individuals what procedures could occur inside the considering babies and exceptionally small kids (Crain, 2005). He additionally accepted that guardians assist youngsters with articulating their musings by reviewing what they saw at specific occasions, yet at an expense of the kids losing quite a bit of their before memories.In this view, Schachtel concurred with Vygotsky (Crain, 2005). Schachtel was a pioneer in the investigation of memory loss of little youngsters as they become more seasoned (Crain, 2005). As per Crain (2005), h is hypothesis has established the most profound connection with this author who is a case manager. As an expert that enters legitimate codes for kids that have experienced numerous sorts of misuse and disregard, one thinks about what number of those youngsters are attempting to review their previous recollections of being isolated from their folks. A portion of these youngsters experienced childhood in their relative’s homes.Those grown-ups educated them regarding their folks and a portion of the conditions that made them be put in child care. Presently, they are going to the office mentioning to see their shut case records. A large number of those records have photos. There are court hear

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources

Financial Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Financial Impacts of Climate Change in the Mountain Regions: Water as a wellspring of harmony and financial turn of events Conceptual When we think about the mountains we for the most part think about the mountains themselves and not the effect they make on the zone underneath them. The reason for this examination is to survey effects of environmental change at a worldwide scale on the mountains and the mountains’ water gracefully. This paper additionally audits major natural/environmental, social, and financial issues confronting us. The travel industry will endure on account of it. The investigation reasons that environmental change will acquire insecurity on worldwide scale with conceivable water clashes and diminishing monetary improvements particularly in creating nations. This will bring expanded individuals movement into the territories very little affected by water flexibly issues and will build social and political flimsiness in those regions. Keywords:relative water yield (RWY), â€Å"water towers†, â€Å"river piracy† Presentation It is evaluated that out of 7.382 billion individuals on the planet today (U.S. Evaluation, 2017), about 11% of the world’s populace live in the mountain districts (Kohler et al, 2014). The mountains give water to billions of individuals. The mountains are â€Å"water towers† of the world. They spread 25% of the world’s land surface and over half the world’s populace relies upon water that begins in the mountains (Viviroli et each of the, 2006). By correlation in 2015 we utilized under 1% of new water. That water is made in in excess of 18,000 desalination plants. The water desalination creation expanded by 67% from 2008 (Thomas Sumner et each of the, 2016). The water from mountains is utilized for drinking, residential use, water system, hydropower, transportation, the travel industry purposes and numerous different ventures. Environmental change in the mountains is getting a flighty winters. Winters with negligible day off day off inclusion which goes on for just a brief timeframe are the winters of today (J. Dawson et every one of the, 2009). Atmosphere change in the mountains will bring expanded perils and setbacks, for example, fires, floods, torrential slides, avalanches, desertification, and mountain disintegration. It will change the precipitation and rainstorm designs which will bring destruction and financial vulnerability to numerous locales. Environmental change will increment people’s relocation and will bring ailments not known in the territory. The chance of clashes and even war may likewise increment. Water as a wellspring of harmony and financial turn of events Mountains as water source far and wide Atmosphere change may have crushed result particularly for semi-bone-dry and dry regions which will be influenced by less water originating from the mountains. The mountains help to appropriate up 95% of water to these territories. In moist regions mountains’ appropriation of water is up to 60%. (Swiss Agency et every one of the, 1998). Figure 1 beneath shows mountain water run off far and wide. Figure 1: Disproportionality of mountain spillover development comparative with normal swamp overflow (RWY), mapped cell by cell for sloping regions. Disproportionality for overflow is given when RWY is more prominent than 1, its significance being set apart for RWY > 2 and fundamental for RWY > 5 (Viviroli et al, 2007). As can be found in Figure 1, the most significant water mountain sources are districts in the Middle East, South and focal Africa, Asia, Rocky Mountains in the U.S. what's more, the Andes. In the Figure 1, we can see that relative water spillover is significant for the lower territories in the regions of where RWY is higher than 1<. It is very significant where RWY is higher than 2< (2light red). The water overflow is basic where RWY is higher than 5< (2 dull reds). Himalayan Keeps up alone flexibly water to more than 2 billion individuals in China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia (VOA, 2015). Mountains in Africa are as significant as Himalayan Mountains in Asia in that they give the water hotspot for cultivating for many individuals and incorporate numerous African biological systems, for example, woods, fields, drylands, waterways and wetlands. Without these mountains Africa would not be Africa we know (Mountain Partnership et all). The Nile River is significant water source in Northern Africa. Its waters is the essential water wellspring of Egypt and Sudan. It is the longest stream on the planet. The Rwenzori Mountains and the Ethiopian Highlands are the most perpetual wellspring of the tributaries of River Nile (Unesco, 2017). Around 250 million individuals in 11 nations rely upon the waters from the Nile (Salman et every one of the, 2016). Previous UN Secretary General said once that, â€Å"The next war in our locale will be over the waters of the Nile, not over politics†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Boutros Boutros-Ghali, previous remote pastor of Egypt and previous UN Secretary General. (Cited in: International Fresh Water Resources, 1997) Figure 2: The guide shows all the land zones which are associated and flexibly water by mountains in Africa (Mountain Partnership et all). Results and assessment of vanishing mountains’ sourced waterâ About 5,500 ice sheets in the Himalayan area could vanish or decrease their water content volume by 70%-99% by 2100. That would be crushing for the individuals utilizing the water assets in the region (J. M. Shea et al, 2015). The study done by Dr Joseph Shea gauges changes in ice volume in Himalayan Mountains dependent on two emanations situations. These two outflow situations are affirmed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). RCP 4.5, appears discharges balanced out by 2050s, and RCP 8.5, is where the most elevated discharges adjusted by IPCC are utilized. In the Figure 2 blue lines (RCP 4.5) and red lines (RCP 8.5). Utilizing the most elevated emanation situation gives us decline in ice volume by practically 100%. The model in Figure 3 shows conceivable complete dissolve down of all ice sheets by 2100. This situation may be copied in other mountain areas with crushed results for cultivating and different ventures which need water or snow to endure. Figure 3: Projected loss of icy mass volume through the 21st century for RCP4.5 (blue lines) and RCP8.5 (red lines) outflows situations. Meager lines show singular model outcomes and striking lines show normal over all models. Source: Shea et al. (2015). In Tibet individuals would already be able to see huge changes. One Tibetan returning after 30 a long time to Lhasa stated, â€Å"When I lived in Lhasa, it was exceptionally uncommon that individuals could stroll outside in T-shirts,† and â€Å"Now individuals are strolling in shorts!† (Dorje et each of the, 2015). This water source is currently providing water to 2 billion individuals and by 2050 that may increment to 2.7 billion. An investigation led in 2014 shows that most rivers’ water stream will increment till 2050. This is because of softening icy masses however then the water stream is anticipated to orders. It is significant for all the specialists also, the legislatures to deal with water approaches to ensure that there will be enough water hotspots for the developing populace later on (Arthur Lutz et every one of the, 2014). South Asia, particularly Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, India and Nepal may get a few help from the rainstorm. Studies done on subject show numerous situations. A few contemplates anticipate that environmental alter may change the course of the storms. The downpour may fall over the ocean. Some show that the storms will build the measure of downpour and start unbelievable floods. Different examinations anticipate less downpour. Whatever it will be, things will change for the nearby populace for the more awful. In South America environmental change is changing Andes mountains condition. Mountain biological systems there, known as â€Å"pã ¡ramos† help to give clean water and ensure the marsh against flooding. These frameworks are situated at 11,000 feet or progressively above ocean level. These environment have plants called espletia. These plants can hold a great deal of water, a few times their weight (Autumn Spanne et each of the, 2012). The atmosphere change expanded the temperature and the dampness in the mountains and now environment can’t handle it any longer. On March 31, 2017, flooding and landslides from the mountains slaughtered 254 individuals in the city of Mocoa. City of Mocoa is found at rise of 2002.08 feet (Jaime Saldarriaga et each of the, 2017). Ice sheets in the mountain locales The greater part of the ice sheets are softening. We can see that on the photographs in the Figure 4 and Figure 5 (Burkhart, P et each of the, 2016). Figure 4: Columbia Glacier, Alaska, has withdrawn by 6.5 km (4 miles) between 2009 (left) and 2015 (right) (Credit: James Balog and the Extreme Ice Survey) Figure 5: Stein Glacier, Switzerland, has withdrawn by 550 m (1,800 ft) between 2006 (left) and 2015 (right) (Credit: James Balog and the Extreme Ice Survey) The ice sheets; softening increment the ocean level ascent as well as a large number of individuals are provided with water from it. These photographs show plainly how things can rapidly change (Burkhart, P et every one of the, 2016). The loss of icy masses isn't as it were loss of water source yet it is lost ecological documents. Researchers use glacier’s to consider snow which has collected into layers in the icy mass (Burkhart, P et every one of the, 2016). The first â€Å"river piracy† case was in 2016. Waterway robbery is when stream changes the course. It is occupied starting with one stream bed then onto the next. The investigation in 2016 shows that stream has change its course from northward to southward (Shugar. D et all, 2016). Figure 6 shows that change. It is a result of liquefying and withdrawing ice sheet. Figure 6: Guardian realistic | Source: Nature Geoscience The travel industry †Ecotourism U.S. the travel industry brings $12.2 billion during winter. It additionally utilizes 211,900 individuals throughout the winter season. National Ski Areas Association expressed that in 2009-10 ski season, 88 % of resorts needed to utilize fake

SIPA Application Checklist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Application Checklist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The application deadline for our MIA/MPA two year program is Thursday, January 5th. Below is a check list of all the documents we will need to receive by the deadline so go through the list as you edit your essays (for the third time) or rewrite your CV and make sure nothing is forgotten. Application form â€" it’s online All documents, including transcripts and test scores can be uploaded to the application Web site for admission consideration. We will use unofficial copies of transcripts and test scores for admission consideration. Candidates offered admission will later be required to supply official transcripts and test scores prior to enrollment. Sending hard copy materials can delay the evaluation of your application so we recommend that you submit as many materials via the online application site as possible. Personal Statement Questions are subject to change each year. The following questions are for those applying for 2012 admission. First Topic (500 Word Maximum) What distinct impact do you hope to have on the world in the future? Please be as clear as possible about your future goals, the policy/public service issue(s) you are passionate about, and your personal motivation(s). Be sure to include details regarding the features of SIPA that you believe are integral to helping you in your pursuits and what skills you need to develop to achieve a lasting impact. Second Topic (300 Word Maximum) Please CHOOSE ONE of these options to write about â€" do not address both, pick one or the other. A competition is being conducted that will provide one million dollars as seed funding to start a new organization.   The competition requires a 300 word essay/statement.   Compose a 300 word essay/statement to submit in order to be considered for this seed funding. You have just read a news story that has deeply moved you.   Compose a 300 word response in the form of a letter to the editor.   The news story you are responding to can be real or fictional and does not need to be limited to the present time â€" it can be framed in the past, present, or future. Third Topic (200 Word Maximum) Please share any additional information about yourself that you believe would be of interest to the Admissions Committee. Please focus on information that is not already reflected in the other parts of your application or might not be clear in the information submitted Standard Résumé/CV Quantitative/Language Résumé/CV â€" click here for samples. Test Scores GRE or GMAT (GRE/GMAT scores are valid for five years.) GRE Code: 2161 (do not list a department code) GMAT for MIA: QF8-64-56 GMAT for MPA: QF8-64-99 TOEFL or IELTS exam for applicants whose native language is not English (TOEFL/IELTS scores are valid for two years.) TOEFL code is 2161 Three letters of recommendation: If a person writing a letter of recommendation for you wishes to do so in another language, please have the letter sent to an official translator. The translator should include both the translated copy and the official copy of the letter in a sealed envelope, along with their contact information â€" these letters must be sent to us.  Academic Transcripts: You are required to submit transcripts from all colleges, professional schools and universities attended (including Columbia University). Our preferred method is that you upload unofficial copies of your transcripts to the application Web site. When scanning transcripts to upload, be sure to scan the reverse side of the transcripts if applicable or any additional pages that include comments on the grading system used.  Transcripts not in English must be translated into English prior to uploading.    If you cannot read the transcripts, we will not be able to either. Thus after scanning your transcript you should print it to see if it is legible. Once you have determined that it is legible please upload the transcripts. Transcripts may also be mailed to our office; the registrar should seal the transcript in an envelope, sign across the seal and return it to you. Do not open these envelopes or break the seals. Some universities may prefer to send transcripts directly to our office. If this is the case, please have official transcripts sent to: Office of Admissions and Financial Aid 420 West 118th Street, 4th Floor Mail Code 3325 408 International Affairs Building New York, NY 10027 All documents, except foreign transcripts judged irreplaceable, become the property of Columbia and cannot be returned.   All documents must be in English or accompanied by certified translations. Application fee $85 One final note… The Admissions Committee only accepts documents that are specifically asked for in our instructions. As much as we would like to be able to read writing samples and other information you might wish to submit, our tight time line and desire to treat every applicant fairly means that we will only put required documents in your file for review all other documents will be discarded. Good luck!   And Happy Holidays!

The Social Determinants Of Food Deserts And Food...

The Social Determinants of Food Deserts and Food Insecurity Diverse groups in American society are often the most marginalized and therefore the most vulnerable to issues that undermine the fair and uncomplicated pursuit of health and wellbeing. One of those issues is the lack of access to affordable healthy food and, in many cases, the inaccessibility to food in general. Areas where affordable and healthy foods are largely unavailable are called food deserts and the members of the diverse groups that live in such areas or that have access to very little food at all often develop a sense of food insecurity. One of the groups that is increasingly impacted by food deserts and food insecurity is the nation’s elderly population which is, by most standards, defined as those individuals aged 65 and older. The following paper investigates this phenomenon by addressing the elderly population of Ada County, Idaho as representative of this diverse and often disenfranchised population. The paper investigates the issue of food deserts and food ins ecurity that threaten the health and wellbeing of the elderly in the context of the various elements of social determinants of health that contribute to their development and persistence. The paper also includes proposals for individual and population-based strategies to improve access to healthy and affordable food by this population as well as improve the health and wellbeing of its members. Access to Affordable and Healthy Food among theShow MoreRelatedGerontology Agencies within Georgia1612 Words   |  7 PagesSection I. Food Insecurity Aging Society: The United States is experiencing social issues related to food insecurity and hunger. Current research states that older adults are especially vulnerable to food insecurity. In a study published in the Journal of Urban Health states, â€Å"Among the 14.6% of American households experiencing food insecurity, approximately 2 million are occupied by older adults† (Chung, Gallo, Giunta, Canavan, Parikh, Fahs, 2011, p. 1). Since the year 2011 the Athens CommunityRead MoreFood Insecurity in Aging Society1627 Words   |  7 PagesSection I. Food Insecurity Aging Society: The United States is experiencing social issues related to food insecurity and hunger. Current research states that older adults are especially vulnerable to food insecurity. In a study published in the Journal of Urban Health states, â€Å"Among the 14.6% of American households experiencing food insecurity, approximately 2 million are occupied by older adults† (Chung, Gallo, Giunta, Canavan, Parikh, Fahs, 2011, p. 1). Since the year 2011 the Athens CommunityRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Type 2 Diabetes3107 Words   |  13 Pagesrate will climb to one in three by 2020(CDA, 2011). 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What Is the Democratic Peace Theory

The Democratic Peace Theory states that countries with liberal democratic forms of government are less likely to go to war with one another than those with other forms of government. Proponents of the theory draw on the writings of German philosopher Immanuel Kant and, more recently, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, who in his 1917 World War I message to Congress stated that â€Å"The world must be made safe for democracy.† Critics argue that the simple quality of being democratic in nature may not be the main reason for the historic tendency of peace between democracies. Key Takeaways The Democratic Peace Theory holds that democratic countries are less likely to go to war with one another than non-democratic countries.The theory evolved from the writings of German philosopher Immanuel Kant and the adoption of the 1832 Monroe Doctrine by the United States.The theory is based on the fact that declaring war in democratic countries requires citizen support and legislative approval. Critics of the theory argue that merely being democratic may not be the primary reason for peace between democracies. Democratic Peace Theory Definition Dependent on the ideologies of liberalism, such as civil liberties and political freedom, the Democratic Peace Theory holds that democracies are hesitant to go to war with other democratic countries. Proponents cite several reasons for the tendency of democratic states to maintain peace, including: The citizens of democracies usually have some say over legislative decisions to declare war.In democracies, the voting public holds their elected leaders responsible for human and financial war losses.When held publicly accountable, government leaders are likely to create diplomatic institutions for resolving international tensions.Democracies rarely view countries with similar policies and form of government as hostile.Usually possessing more wealth that other states, democracies avoid war to preserve their resources. The Democratic Peace Theory was first articulated by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his 1795 essay entitled â€Å"Perpetual Peace.† In this work, Kant argues that nations with constitutional republic governments are less likely to go to war because doing so requires the consent of the people—who would actually be fighting the war. While the kings and queens of monarchies can unilaterally declare war with little regard for their subjects’ safety, governments chosen by the people take the decision more seriously. The United States first promoted the concepts of the Democratic Peace Theory in 1832 by adopting the Monroe Doctrine. In this historic piece of international policy, the U.S. affirmed that it would not tolerate any attempt by European monarchies to colonize any democratic nation in North or South America. Democracies and War in the 1900s Perhaps the strongest evidence supporting the Democratic Peace Theory is the fact that there were no wars between democracies during the 20th century. As the century began, the recently ended Spanish-American War had seen the United States defeat the monarchy of Spain in a struggle for control of the Spanish colony of Cuba. In World War I, the U.S. allied with the democratic European empires to defeat the authoritarian and fascist empires of Germany, Austro-Hungary, Turkey, and their allies. This led to World War II and eventually the Cold War of the 1970s, during which the U.S. led a coalition of democratic nations in resisting the spread of authoritarian Soviet communism. Most recently, in the Gulf War (1990-91), the Iraq War (2003-2011), and the ongoing war in Afghanistan, the United States, along with various democratic nations fought to counter international terrorism by radical jihadist factions of authoritarian Islamist governments. Indeed, after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks, the George W. Bush administration based its use military force to topple Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship in Iraq on the belief that it would bring democracy—thus peace—to the Middle East. Criticism While the claim that democracies rarely fight each other has been widely accepted, there is less agreement on why this so-called democratic peace exists. Some critics have argued that it was actually the Industrial Revolution that led to peace during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The resulting prosperity and economic stability made all of the newly modernized countries—democratic and nondemocratic—much less belligerent toward each other than in preindustrial times. Several factors arising from modernization may have generated a greater aversion to war among industrialized nations than democracy alone. Such factors included higher standards of living, less poverty, full employment, more leisure time, and the spread of consumerism. Modernized countries simply no longer felt the need to dominate each other in order to survive. Democratic Peace Theory has also been criticized for failing to prove a cause-and-effect relationship between wars and types of government and the ease with which definitions of â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"war† can be manipulated to prove a non-existent trend. While its authors included very small, even bloodless wars between new and questionable democracies, one 2002 study contends that as many wars have been fought between democracies as might be statistically expected between non-democracies. Other critics argue that throughout history, it has been the evolution of power, more than democracy or its absence that has determined peace or war. Specifically, they suggest that the effect called â€Å"liberal democratic peace† is really due to â€Å"realist† factors including military and economic alliances between democratic governments. Sources and Further Reference Owen, J. M.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace.† International Security (1994).Schwartz, Thomas and Skinner, Kiron K. (2002) â€Å"The Myth of the Democratic Peace.† Foreign Policy Research Institute.Gat, Azar (2006). â€Å"The Democratic Peace Theory Reframed: The Impact of Modernity.† Cambridge University Press.Pollard, Sidney (1981). â€Å"Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760–1970.† Oxford University Press.

Transcendentalist Free Essays

A Modern Day Transcendentalist The story of Chris McCandless is an inspiring one. Transcendentalism is the act of finding inner peace and relaxing. David Henry Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson are two authors who are transcendentalists. We will write a custom essay sample on Transcendentalist or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea of transcendentalism was started in America in the 1850’s. Chris McCandless is a college student who decides to become a transcendentalist. Chris McCandless is an example of a modern day transcendentalist because he fits the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience. One of the big ideas of Walden is that a person needs to separate himself from society to inner peace. Thoreau writes â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes into the woods to find inner peace after college along with other adventures in the desert and Denali National Park. Another big idea of Walden is a person only needs to live with the essentials. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦ to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms. Chris McCandless fits this idea because he only brings a backpack, a gun, a bag of rice, and a sleeping bag into the woods. Nature has a lot to teach is also a big idea of Walden. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦and see if I could not learn what it had to teach. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he learns a lot of survival techniques while in nature and he lives and dies while in nature. One of the big ideas in Self Reliance is trust yourself. Emerson writes â€Å"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Chris McCandless fits this idea because whenever he is offered help he declines it. Another big idea of Self Reliance is do not be afraid to be different and do not conform to others standards. Emerson writes â€Å"Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he does not care what other people think about him and he did not conform to others expectations. For example his parents want him to go to college and he decides not to because he wants to go into the wild. Do not envy what others have is another big idea of Self Reliance. Emerson writes â€Å"There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because rejects supplies, his parents, his car, and help. One of the big ideas of Civil Disobedience is laws do not have to be followed because each person should make their own laws. Thoreau writes â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes to Mexico without a passport, he kayaks into Mexico, he burns his money, and he train hops. Another big idea of Civil Disobedience is the majority is not always right and that people should follow their own beliefs and thoughts. Thoreau writes â€Å"When the power is once in the hands of the people, a majority are permitted, and for a long period continue, to rule, is not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because people may not support his way of life because it is against how the majority live. He lives differently in a lot of people’s eyes because he lives out in the woods instead of being with society. Based on his belief in the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience, Chris McCandless is a modern day transcendentalist. This type of lifestyle is not all that abnormal. Many people in the world live just like Chris McCandless. They all want to get away of society and live peacefully. The story of Chris McCandless gained popularity in the late 1990’s. One reason people are drawn to this story is because McCandless is a young guy and lives such a different lifestyle. How to cite Transcendentalist, Essay examples

Transcendentalist Free Essays

A Modern Day Transcendentalist The story of Chris McCandless is an inspiring one. Transcendentalism is the act of finding inner peace and relaxing. David Henry Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson are two authors who are transcendentalists. We will write a custom essay sample on Transcendentalist or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea of transcendentalism was started in America in the 1850’s. Chris McCandless is a college student who decides to become a transcendentalist. Chris McCandless is an example of a modern day transcendentalist because he fits the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience. One of the big ideas of Walden is that a person needs to separate himself from society to inner peace. Thoreau writes â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes into the woods to find inner peace after college along with other adventures in the desert and Denali National Park. Another big idea of Walden is a person only needs to live with the essentials. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦ to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms. Chris McCandless fits this idea because he only brings a backpack, a gun, a bag of rice, and a sleeping bag into the woods. Nature has a lot to teach is also a big idea of Walden. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦and see if I could not learn what it had to teach. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he learns a lot of survival techniques while in nature and he lives and dies while in nature. One of the big ideas in Self Reliance is trust yourself. Emerson writes â€Å"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Chris McCandless fits this idea because whenever he is offered help he declines it. Another big idea of Self Reliance is do not be afraid to be different and do not conform to others standards. Emerson writes â€Å"Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he does not care what other people think about him and he did not conform to others expectations. For example his parents want him to go to college and he decides not to because he wants to go into the wild. Do not envy what others have is another big idea of Self Reliance. Emerson writes â€Å"There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because rejects supplies, his parents, his car, and help. One of the big ideas of Civil Disobedience is laws do not have to be followed because each person should make their own laws. Thoreau writes â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes to Mexico without a passport, he kayaks into Mexico, he burns his money, and he train hops. Another big idea of Civil Disobedience is the majority is not always right and that people should follow their own beliefs and thoughts. Thoreau writes â€Å"When the power is once in the hands of the people, a majority are permitted, and for a long period continue, to rule, is not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because people may not support his way of life because it is against how the majority live. He lives differently in a lot of people’s eyes because he lives out in the woods instead of being with society. Based on his belief in the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience, Chris McCandless is a modern day transcendentalist. This type of lifestyle is not all that abnormal. Many people in the world live just like Chris McCandless. They all want to get away of society and live peacefully. The story of Chris McCandless gained popularity in the late 1990’s. One reason people are drawn to this story is because McCandless is a young guy and lives such a different lifestyle. How to cite Transcendentalist, Essay examples