Human Development

Two strands of human advancement are social and passionate. 2. Two phases of human advancement from the contextual investigation are more established adulthood and adulthood. 3. Nature is the thing that you are brought into the world with, similar to what you acquire from your folks, a model from the contextual investigation is that Iain and Kirsty’s little girl has earthy colored wavy hair simply like Iain. 4. Sustain is the thing that you learn as you grow up and experience life; a case of support from the contextual analysis is that Anne is anticipating thinking about her new great little girl when Kirsty comes back to work. . Two key highlights of conduct approach is Behavioral and Consequence, Behavioral importance if a youngster needs something and takes a fit, and Consequence meaning on the off chance that they are giving what they need, at that point they will imagine that it is the right method to carry on and there for do it once more. 6. Three key highlights of the social learning hypothesis are Bonding †youngsters interfacing with individuals, similar to guardians causing them to feel safe around them and loved.Loss †If somebody bites the dust or leaves, for instance a friend or family member you miss them and begin to feel this feeling of misfortune throughout everyday life, similar to an unfilled space has shown up that wasn’t there previously. 7. Two manners by which the conduct approach can help care laborers comprehend human turn of events and conduct is , it encourages them figure out the proper behavior and react to a child’s conduct and causes them see how they ought to respond to something, for example, acclaim them for beneficial things however reveal to them no it wasn't right on the off chance that they accomplished something incorrectly. . From the contextual analysis you can comprehend why Jenny wouldn't like to move into bolstered convenience since she is glad at home as well as she feels secure and ador ed comfortable with her mum, and now imagines that she is getting pushed aside as her mum has remarried and is moving in with her new accomplice. Jenny will feel a feeling of misfortune because of this and may likewise feel deprivation because of just losing her father multi year prior. Remaining at home could remind.. Human Development HSV 504: Human Development-Early Memory Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction Many human advancement masters have inspected memory loss of grown-ups further down the road. During the previous fifty years, there have been numerous examinations in children’s subjective turn of events and prior cherished memory misfortune. Ernest G. Schachtel directed investigations on why individuals overlook cherished recollections as they become more seasoned. He depicted the procedures that could be associated with early memory misfortune (Crain, 2005). He was impacted by Sigmund Freud’s intellectual hypothesis (Crain, 2005). Lev S.Vygotsky, in any case, portrayed children’s early memory advancement as an all encompassing procedure that included society, physiological, social, and affordable situations. (Vygotsky, 1978) Vygotsky was affected by Karl Marx’s hypothesis of people’s improvement, noted Crain (2005). Schachtel was impacted by Sigmund Fre ud; the two scholars appeared to concur that kids figure out how to recall all the more methodicallly when incited by an increasingly experienced individual, similar to their folks and parental figures (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010). Youngsters isolated from their folks when they were kids can have divided recollections of that before time.There are a progression of frameworks engaged with memory misfortune (Lerner, Easterbrooks, and Mistry, 2003). Watchwords: memory, socialization, youth, forms, condition HSV 504: Human Development-Early memory misfortune Doctor Schachtel said grown-ups lose their youth recollections. He says the more established kids get, the more youth recollections they lose (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) clarified that Schachtel said youth memory misfortune was called â€Å"infantile amnesia† (p. 327). At the point when they were newborn children individuals had extraordinary encounters; anyway as time passed and different encounters had their spot, they ove rlooked the prior recollections (Crain, 2005).Most significantly, the previous encounters were lost since they happened before the kid could talk. Like his antecedent Freud, Schachtel said that somewhat, early antagonistic and sexual emotions were stifled on the grounds that they prompted disgrace (Crain, 2005). Schachtel thought overlooking most youth recollections was normal to each experience individuals had during youth. What's more, youngsters were associated via parental figures and friends to change their first reaction to joy so as to adjust to social expectations.Schachtel accepted that the distinctions with adult’s and children’s memory misfortune were with how they encountered their lives. He said that grown-ups experience their lives principally through verbal affiliations (Crain, 2005), like seeing a decent shade of blue and saying what a pretty shading it is. Kids before one year old enough experience their lives through taste and smell (Crain, 2005). As youngsters grow up, they begin to comply with the manner in which grown-ups and peers experience the world, yet to keep up the portrayal of natural view of the world (Crain, 2005). Schachtel said that newborn children experience existence with their senses.The most significant sense is taste. Infants have more taste buds than grown-ups do (Crain, 2005). Commonly whatever they clean breezes up in their mouths. Also, the feeling of smell is critical to babies since they figure out how to recognize their mom by her smell, just as how she tastes. The feeling of sight isn't as imperative to babies for what it's worth for more established kids (Crain, 2005). Schachtel distinguishes these faculties as body detects. Temperature is felt on the body as hot and cold, they are inside faculties, he said. Sight and hearing are outside faculties since they are other centered. Smell and taste are inside centered (Crain, 2005).According to Schachtel, when grown-ups experience memory classes, they ha ve almost no words to portray the tasting, smelling and feeling faculties in memory (Crain, 2005). At the point when kids begin to encounter life by investigating new things, taking a gander at their body capacities for instance, grown-ups become concerned and start mingling them to react such as themselves (Crain, 2005). Freud said the equivalent regarding youngsters being disheartened from researching their body capacities (Gay, 1998). Be that as it may, he said that they are disheartened from that experience by their parental figures (Crain, 2005). It is viewed as impolite in the west to segregate dependent on smell.To state someone’s breath smells awful out in the open isn't viewed as amiable, with the goal that assumption is seldom spoken in broad daylight. However, personal stench is the essential smell that would interest an extremely little youngster, said Schachtel (Crain, 2005). Their folks reveal to them that it isn't acceptable and the youngster figures out how to separate herself from that tangible delight. Schachtel likewise said that with breathing easy the profoundly delicate tangible encounters are lost to the kids since they are subdued (Crain, 2005). Schachtel accepted that grown-ups are less delicate to their prior tangible discernments because of socialization (Crain, 2005).The faculties become characterized as either fortunate or unfortunate, and grown-ups have broad jargon marking things they see, however not food that they taste or scents they smell (Crain, 2005). Schachtel further clarifies the main grown-ups that would in any case have their prior recognitions unblemished after parental and companion socialization would be innovative people like authors and painters (Crain, 2005). At the point when a kid gets more seasoned, numerous things that were acknowledged in earliest stages can turn out to be less exceptional on the grounds that their direction changes toward the outside faculties, sight and touch.Schachtel additionally said that infants appreciated the glow of defensive situations (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) included that Schachtel was a pioneer in his perceptions about the loss of early recollections. When Schachtel began composing, nobody else knew that as individuals got more seasoned they lost huge numbers of their cherished recollections (Crain, 2005). In the years after Schachtel had expounded on early memory misfortune, there have been a few investigations that have added to his bits of knowledge. Crain (2005) additionally expressed we could lose recollections prior and quicker than Schachtel said we did. Lev S.Vygotsky said that youngsters create inside their particular societies and social orders some time before they figure out how to speak (Crain, 2005). He likewise noticed a children’s advancement included its general public, financial status, and physiological turn of events. Vygotsky (1978) focused on that a childs’ learning forms where more than subliminal and mental; children’s improvement can develop inside each natural part of their lives. Kids gain from guardians in their particular societies how to relate inside their surroundings, noted Broderick and Blewitt (2010).Vygotsky said that kids figured out how to relate in two phases: first when guardians instruct them to interrelate; and afterward inside themselves as they begin to associate with their friends (Crain, 2005). In particular, Schachtel encouraged individuals what procedures could occur inside the considering babies and exceptionally small kids (Crain, 2005). He additionally accepted that guardians assist youngsters with articulating their musings by reviewing what they saw at specific occasions, yet at an expense of the kids losing quite a bit of their before memories.In this view, Schachtel concurred with Vygotsky (Crain, 2005). Schachtel was a pioneer in the investigation of memory loss of little youngsters as they become more seasoned (Crain, 2005). As per Crain (2005), h is hypothesis has established the most profound connection with this author who is a case manager. As an expert that enters legitimate codes for kids that have experienced numerous sorts of misuse and disregard, one thinks about what number of those youngsters are attempting to review their previous recollections of being isolated from their folks. A portion of these youngsters experienced childhood in their relative’s homes.Those grown-ups educated them regarding their folks and a portion of the conditions that made them be put in child care. Presently, they are going to the office mentioning to see their shut case records. A large number of those records have photos. There are court hear

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources

Financial Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Financial Impacts of Climate Change in the Mountain Regions: Water as a wellspring of harmony and financial turn of events Conceptual When we think about the mountains we for the most part think about the mountains themselves and not the effect they make on the zone underneath them. The reason for this examination is to survey effects of environmental change at a worldwide scale on the mountains and the mountains’ water gracefully. This paper additionally audits major natural/environmental, social, and financial issues confronting us. The travel industry will endure on account of it. The investigation reasons that environmental change will acquire insecurity on worldwide scale with conceivable water clashes and diminishing monetary improvements particularly in creating nations. This will bring expanded individuals movement into the territories very little affected by water flexibly issues and will build social and political flimsiness in those regions. Keywords:relative water yield (RWY), â€Å"water towers†, â€Å"river piracy† Presentation It is evaluated that out of 7.382 billion individuals on the planet today (U.S. Evaluation, 2017), about 11% of the world’s populace live in the mountain districts (Kohler et al, 2014). The mountains give water to billions of individuals. The mountains are â€Å"water towers† of the world. They spread 25% of the world’s land surface and over half the world’s populace relies upon water that begins in the mountains (Viviroli et each of the, 2006). By correlation in 2015 we utilized under 1% of new water. That water is made in in excess of 18,000 desalination plants. The water desalination creation expanded by 67% from 2008 (Thomas Sumner et each of the, 2016). The water from mountains is utilized for drinking, residential use, water system, hydropower, transportation, the travel industry purposes and numerous different ventures. Environmental change in the mountains is getting a flighty winters. Winters with negligible day off day off inclusion which goes on for just a brief timeframe are the winters of today (J. Dawson et every one of the, 2009). Atmosphere change in the mountains will bring expanded perils and setbacks, for example, fires, floods, torrential slides, avalanches, desertification, and mountain disintegration. It will change the precipitation and rainstorm designs which will bring destruction and financial vulnerability to numerous locales. Environmental change will increment people’s relocation and will bring ailments not known in the territory. The chance of clashes and even war may likewise increment. Water as a wellspring of harmony and financial turn of events Mountains as water source far and wide Atmosphere change may have crushed result particularly for semi-bone-dry and dry regions which will be influenced by less water originating from the mountains. The mountains help to appropriate up 95% of water to these territories. In moist regions mountains’ appropriation of water is up to 60%. (Swiss Agency et every one of the, 1998). Figure 1 beneath shows mountain water run off far and wide. Figure 1: Disproportionality of mountain spillover development comparative with normal swamp overflow (RWY), mapped cell by cell for sloping regions. Disproportionality for overflow is given when RWY is more prominent than 1, its significance being set apart for RWY > 2 and fundamental for RWY > 5 (Viviroli et al, 2007). As can be found in Figure 1, the most significant water mountain sources are districts in the Middle East, South and focal Africa, Asia, Rocky Mountains in the U.S. what's more, the Andes. In the Figure 1, we can see that relative water spillover is significant for the lower territories in the regions of where RWY is higher than 1<. It is very significant where RWY is higher than 2< (2light red). The water overflow is basic where RWY is higher than 5< (2 dull reds). Himalayan Keeps up alone flexibly water to more than 2 billion individuals in China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia (VOA, 2015). Mountains in Africa are as significant as Himalayan Mountains in Asia in that they give the water hotspot for cultivating for many individuals and incorporate numerous African biological systems, for example, woods, fields, drylands, waterways and wetlands. Without these mountains Africa would not be Africa we know (Mountain Partnership et all). The Nile River is significant water source in Northern Africa. Its waters is the essential water wellspring of Egypt and Sudan. It is the longest stream on the planet. The Rwenzori Mountains and the Ethiopian Highlands are the most perpetual wellspring of the tributaries of River Nile (Unesco, 2017). Around 250 million individuals in 11 nations rely upon the waters from the Nile (Salman et every one of the, 2016). Previous UN Secretary General said once that, â€Å"The next war in our locale will be over the waters of the Nile, not over politics†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Boutros Boutros-Ghali, previous remote pastor of Egypt and previous UN Secretary General. (Cited in: International Fresh Water Resources, 1997) Figure 2: The guide shows all the land zones which are associated and flexibly water by mountains in Africa (Mountain Partnership et all). Results and assessment of vanishing mountains’ sourced waterâ About 5,500 ice sheets in the Himalayan area could vanish or decrease their water content volume by 70%-99% by 2100. That would be crushing for the individuals utilizing the water assets in the region (J. M. Shea et al, 2015). The study done by Dr Joseph Shea gauges changes in ice volume in Himalayan Mountains dependent on two emanations situations. These two outflow situations are affirmed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). RCP 4.5, appears discharges balanced out by 2050s, and RCP 8.5, is where the most elevated discharges adjusted by IPCC are utilized. In the Figure 2 blue lines (RCP 4.5) and red lines (RCP 8.5). Utilizing the most elevated emanation situation gives us decline in ice volume by practically 100%. The model in Figure 3 shows conceivable complete dissolve down of all ice sheets by 2100. This situation may be copied in other mountain areas with crushed results for cultivating and different ventures which need water or snow to endure. Figure 3: Projected loss of icy mass volume through the 21st century for RCP4.5 (blue lines) and RCP8.5 (red lines) outflows situations. Meager lines show singular model outcomes and striking lines show normal over all models. Source: Shea et al. (2015). In Tibet individuals would already be able to see huge changes. One Tibetan returning after 30 a long time to Lhasa stated, â€Å"When I lived in Lhasa, it was exceptionally uncommon that individuals could stroll outside in T-shirts,† and â€Å"Now individuals are strolling in shorts!† (Dorje et each of the, 2015). This water source is currently providing water to 2 billion individuals and by 2050 that may increment to 2.7 billion. An investigation led in 2014 shows that most rivers’ water stream will increment till 2050. This is because of softening icy masses however then the water stream is anticipated to orders. It is significant for all the specialists also, the legislatures to deal with water approaches to ensure that there will be enough water hotspots for the developing populace later on (Arthur Lutz et every one of the, 2014). South Asia, particularly Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, India and Nepal may get a few help from the rainstorm. Studies done on subject show numerous situations. A few contemplates anticipate that environmental alter may change the course of the storms. The downpour may fall over the ocean. Some show that the storms will build the measure of downpour and start unbelievable floods. Different examinations anticipate less downpour. Whatever it will be, things will change for the nearby populace for the more awful. In South America environmental change is changing Andes mountains condition. Mountain biological systems there, known as â€Å"pã ¡ramos† help to give clean water and ensure the marsh against flooding. These frameworks are situated at 11,000 feet or progressively above ocean level. These environment have plants called espletia. These plants can hold a great deal of water, a few times their weight (Autumn Spanne et each of the, 2012). The atmosphere change expanded the temperature and the dampness in the mountains and now environment can’t handle it any longer. On March 31, 2017, flooding and landslides from the mountains slaughtered 254 individuals in the city of Mocoa. City of Mocoa is found at rise of 2002.08 feet (Jaime Saldarriaga et each of the, 2017). Ice sheets in the mountain locales The greater part of the ice sheets are softening. We can see that on the photographs in the Figure 4 and Figure 5 (Burkhart, P et each of the, 2016). Figure 4: Columbia Glacier, Alaska, has withdrawn by 6.5 km (4 miles) between 2009 (left) and 2015 (right) (Credit: James Balog and the Extreme Ice Survey) Figure 5: Stein Glacier, Switzerland, has withdrawn by 550 m (1,800 ft) between 2006 (left) and 2015 (right) (Credit: James Balog and the Extreme Ice Survey) The ice sheets; softening increment the ocean level ascent as well as a large number of individuals are provided with water from it. These photographs show plainly how things can rapidly change (Burkhart, P et every one of the, 2016). The loss of icy masses isn't as it were loss of water source yet it is lost ecological documents. Researchers use glacier’s to consider snow which has collected into layers in the icy mass (Burkhart, P et every one of the, 2016). The first â€Å"river piracy† case was in 2016. Waterway robbery is when stream changes the course. It is occupied starting with one stream bed then onto the next. The investigation in 2016 shows that stream has change its course from northward to southward (Shugar. D et all, 2016). Figure 6 shows that change. It is a result of liquefying and withdrawing ice sheet. Figure 6: Guardian realistic | Source: Nature Geoscience The travel industry †Ecotourism U.S. the travel industry brings $12.2 billion during winter. It additionally utilizes 211,900 individuals throughout the winter season. National Ski Areas Association expressed that in 2009-10 ski season, 88 % of resorts needed to utilize fake

SIPA Application Checklist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Application Checklist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The application deadline for our MIA/MPA two year program is Thursday, January 5th. Below is a check list of all the documents we will need to receive by the deadline so go through the list as you edit your essays (for the third time) or rewrite your CV and make sure nothing is forgotten. Application form â€" it’s online All documents, including transcripts and test scores can be uploaded to the application Web site for admission consideration. We will use unofficial copies of transcripts and test scores for admission consideration. Candidates offered admission will later be required to supply official transcripts and test scores prior to enrollment. Sending hard copy materials can delay the evaluation of your application so we recommend that you submit as many materials via the online application site as possible. Personal Statement Questions are subject to change each year. The following questions are for those applying for 2012 admission. First Topic (500 Word Maximum) What distinct impact do you hope to have on the world in the future? Please be as clear as possible about your future goals, the policy/public service issue(s) you are passionate about, and your personal motivation(s). Be sure to include details regarding the features of SIPA that you believe are integral to helping you in your pursuits and what skills you need to develop to achieve a lasting impact. Second Topic (300 Word Maximum) Please CHOOSE ONE of these options to write about â€" do not address both, pick one or the other. A competition is being conducted that will provide one million dollars as seed funding to start a new organization.   The competition requires a 300 word essay/statement.   Compose a 300 word essay/statement to submit in order to be considered for this seed funding. You have just read a news story that has deeply moved you.   Compose a 300 word response in the form of a letter to the editor.   The news story you are responding to can be real or fictional and does not need to be limited to the present time â€" it can be framed in the past, present, or future. Third Topic (200 Word Maximum) Please share any additional information about yourself that you believe would be of interest to the Admissions Committee. Please focus on information that is not already reflected in the other parts of your application or might not be clear in the information submitted Standard Résumé/CV Quantitative/Language Résumé/CV â€" click here for samples. Test Scores GRE or GMAT (GRE/GMAT scores are valid for five years.) GRE Code: 2161 (do not list a department code) GMAT for MIA: QF8-64-56 GMAT for MPA: QF8-64-99 TOEFL or IELTS exam for applicants whose native language is not English (TOEFL/IELTS scores are valid for two years.) TOEFL code is 2161 Three letters of recommendation: If a person writing a letter of recommendation for you wishes to do so in another language, please have the letter sent to an official translator. The translator should include both the translated copy and the official copy of the letter in a sealed envelope, along with their contact information â€" these letters must be sent to us.  Academic Transcripts: You are required to submit transcripts from all colleges, professional schools and universities attended (including Columbia University). Our preferred method is that you upload unofficial copies of your transcripts to the application Web site. When scanning transcripts to upload, be sure to scan the reverse side of the transcripts if applicable or any additional pages that include comments on the grading system used.  Transcripts not in English must be translated into English prior to uploading.    If you cannot read the transcripts, we will not be able to either. Thus after scanning your transcript you should print it to see if it is legible. Once you have determined that it is legible please upload the transcripts. Transcripts may also be mailed to our office; the registrar should seal the transcript in an envelope, sign across the seal and return it to you. Do not open these envelopes or break the seals. Some universities may prefer to send transcripts directly to our office. If this is the case, please have official transcripts sent to: Office of Admissions and Financial Aid 420 West 118th Street, 4th Floor Mail Code 3325 408 International Affairs Building New York, NY 10027 All documents, except foreign transcripts judged irreplaceable, become the property of Columbia and cannot be returned.   All documents must be in English or accompanied by certified translations. Application fee $85 One final note… The Admissions Committee only accepts documents that are specifically asked for in our instructions. As much as we would like to be able to read writing samples and other information you might wish to submit, our tight time line and desire to treat every applicant fairly means that we will only put required documents in your file for review all other documents will be discarded. Good luck!   And Happy Holidays!

The Social Determinants Of Food Deserts And Food...

The Social Determinants of Food Deserts and Food Insecurity Diverse groups in American society are often the most marginalized and therefore the most vulnerable to issues that undermine the fair and uncomplicated pursuit of health and wellbeing. One of those issues is the lack of access to affordable healthy food and, in many cases, the inaccessibility to food in general. Areas where affordable and healthy foods are largely unavailable are called food deserts and the members of the diverse groups that live in such areas or that have access to very little food at all often develop a sense of food insecurity. One of the groups that is increasingly impacted by food deserts and food insecurity is the nation’s elderly population which is, by most standards, defined as those individuals aged 65 and older. The following paper investigates this phenomenon by addressing the elderly population of Ada County, Idaho as representative of this diverse and often disenfranchised population. The paper investigates the issue of food deserts and food ins ecurity that threaten the health and wellbeing of the elderly in the context of the various elements of social determinants of health that contribute to their development and persistence. The paper also includes proposals for individual and population-based strategies to improve access to healthy and affordable food by this population as well as improve the health and wellbeing of its members. Access to Affordable and Healthy Food among theShow MoreRelatedGerontology Agencies within Georgia1612 Words   |  7 PagesSection I. Food Insecurity Aging Society: The United States is experiencing social issues related to food insecurity and hunger. Current research states that older adults are especially vulnerable to food insecurity. In a study published in the Journal of Urban Health states, â€Å"Among the 14.6% of American households experiencing food insecurity, approximately 2 million are occupied by older adults† (Chung, Gallo, Giunta, Canavan, Parikh, Fahs, 2011, p. 1). Since the year 2011 the Athens CommunityRead MoreFood Insecurity in Aging Society1627 Words   |  7 PagesSection I. Food Insecurity Aging Society: The United States is experiencing social issues related to food insecurity and hunger. Current research states that older adults are especially vulnerable to food insecurity. In a study published in the Journal of Urban Health states, â€Å"Among the 14.6% of American households experiencing food insecurity, approximately 2 million are occupied by older adults† (Chung, Gallo, Giunta, Canavan, Parikh, Fahs, 2011, p. 1). Since the year 2011 the Athens CommunityRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Type 2 Diabetes3107 Words   |  13 Pagesrate will climb to one in three by 2020(CDA, 2011). 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What Is the Democratic Peace Theory

The Democratic Peace Theory states that countries with liberal democratic forms of government are less likely to go to war with one another than those with other forms of government. Proponents of the theory draw on the writings of German philosopher Immanuel Kant and, more recently, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, who in his 1917 World War I message to Congress stated that â€Å"The world must be made safe for democracy.† Critics argue that the simple quality of being democratic in nature may not be the main reason for the historic tendency of peace between democracies. Key Takeaways The Democratic Peace Theory holds that democratic countries are less likely to go to war with one another than non-democratic countries.The theory evolved from the writings of German philosopher Immanuel Kant and the adoption of the 1832 Monroe Doctrine by the United States.The theory is based on the fact that declaring war in democratic countries requires citizen support and legislative approval. Critics of the theory argue that merely being democratic may not be the primary reason for peace between democracies. Democratic Peace Theory Definition Dependent on the ideologies of liberalism, such as civil liberties and political freedom, the Democratic Peace Theory holds that democracies are hesitant to go to war with other democratic countries. Proponents cite several reasons for the tendency of democratic states to maintain peace, including: The citizens of democracies usually have some say over legislative decisions to declare war.In democracies, the voting public holds their elected leaders responsible for human and financial war losses.When held publicly accountable, government leaders are likely to create diplomatic institutions for resolving international tensions.Democracies rarely view countries with similar policies and form of government as hostile.Usually possessing more wealth that other states, democracies avoid war to preserve their resources. The Democratic Peace Theory was first articulated by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his 1795 essay entitled â€Å"Perpetual Peace.† In this work, Kant argues that nations with constitutional republic governments are less likely to go to war because doing so requires the consent of the people—who would actually be fighting the war. While the kings and queens of monarchies can unilaterally declare war with little regard for their subjects’ safety, governments chosen by the people take the decision more seriously. The United States first promoted the concepts of the Democratic Peace Theory in 1832 by adopting the Monroe Doctrine. In this historic piece of international policy, the U.S. affirmed that it would not tolerate any attempt by European monarchies to colonize any democratic nation in North or South America. Democracies and War in the 1900s Perhaps the strongest evidence supporting the Democratic Peace Theory is the fact that there were no wars between democracies during the 20th century. As the century began, the recently ended Spanish-American War had seen the United States defeat the monarchy of Spain in a struggle for control of the Spanish colony of Cuba. In World War I, the U.S. allied with the democratic European empires to defeat the authoritarian and fascist empires of Germany, Austro-Hungary, Turkey, and their allies. This led to World War II and eventually the Cold War of the 1970s, during which the U.S. led a coalition of democratic nations in resisting the spread of authoritarian Soviet communism. Most recently, in the Gulf War (1990-91), the Iraq War (2003-2011), and the ongoing war in Afghanistan, the United States, along with various democratic nations fought to counter international terrorism by radical jihadist factions of authoritarian Islamist governments. Indeed, after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks, the George W. Bush administration based its use military force to topple Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship in Iraq on the belief that it would bring democracy—thus peace—to the Middle East. Criticism While the claim that democracies rarely fight each other has been widely accepted, there is less agreement on why this so-called democratic peace exists. Some critics have argued that it was actually the Industrial Revolution that led to peace during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The resulting prosperity and economic stability made all of the newly modernized countries—democratic and nondemocratic—much less belligerent toward each other than in preindustrial times. Several factors arising from modernization may have generated a greater aversion to war among industrialized nations than democracy alone. Such factors included higher standards of living, less poverty, full employment, more leisure time, and the spread of consumerism. Modernized countries simply no longer felt the need to dominate each other in order to survive. Democratic Peace Theory has also been criticized for failing to prove a cause-and-effect relationship between wars and types of government and the ease with which definitions of â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"war† can be manipulated to prove a non-existent trend. While its authors included very small, even bloodless wars between new and questionable democracies, one 2002 study contends that as many wars have been fought between democracies as might be statistically expected between non-democracies. Other critics argue that throughout history, it has been the evolution of power, more than democracy or its absence that has determined peace or war. Specifically, they suggest that the effect called â€Å"liberal democratic peace† is really due to â€Å"realist† factors including military and economic alliances between democratic governments. Sources and Further Reference Owen, J. M.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace.† International Security (1994).Schwartz, Thomas and Skinner, Kiron K. (2002) â€Å"The Myth of the Democratic Peace.† Foreign Policy Research Institute.Gat, Azar (2006). â€Å"The Democratic Peace Theory Reframed: The Impact of Modernity.† Cambridge University Press.Pollard, Sidney (1981). â€Å"Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760–1970.† Oxford University Press.

Transcendentalist Free Essays

A Modern Day Transcendentalist The story of Chris McCandless is an inspiring one. Transcendentalism is the act of finding inner peace and relaxing. David Henry Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson are two authors who are transcendentalists. We will write a custom essay sample on Transcendentalist or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea of transcendentalism was started in America in the 1850’s. Chris McCandless is a college student who decides to become a transcendentalist. Chris McCandless is an example of a modern day transcendentalist because he fits the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience. One of the big ideas of Walden is that a person needs to separate himself from society to inner peace. Thoreau writes â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes into the woods to find inner peace after college along with other adventures in the desert and Denali National Park. Another big idea of Walden is a person only needs to live with the essentials. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦ to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms. Chris McCandless fits this idea because he only brings a backpack, a gun, a bag of rice, and a sleeping bag into the woods. Nature has a lot to teach is also a big idea of Walden. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦and see if I could not learn what it had to teach. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he learns a lot of survival techniques while in nature and he lives and dies while in nature. One of the big ideas in Self Reliance is trust yourself. Emerson writes â€Å"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Chris McCandless fits this idea because whenever he is offered help he declines it. Another big idea of Self Reliance is do not be afraid to be different and do not conform to others standards. Emerson writes â€Å"Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he does not care what other people think about him and he did not conform to others expectations. For example his parents want him to go to college and he decides not to because he wants to go into the wild. Do not envy what others have is another big idea of Self Reliance. Emerson writes â€Å"There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because rejects supplies, his parents, his car, and help. One of the big ideas of Civil Disobedience is laws do not have to be followed because each person should make their own laws. Thoreau writes â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes to Mexico without a passport, he kayaks into Mexico, he burns his money, and he train hops. Another big idea of Civil Disobedience is the majority is not always right and that people should follow their own beliefs and thoughts. Thoreau writes â€Å"When the power is once in the hands of the people, a majority are permitted, and for a long period continue, to rule, is not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because people may not support his way of life because it is against how the majority live. He lives differently in a lot of people’s eyes because he lives out in the woods instead of being with society. Based on his belief in the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience, Chris McCandless is a modern day transcendentalist. This type of lifestyle is not all that abnormal. Many people in the world live just like Chris McCandless. They all want to get away of society and live peacefully. The story of Chris McCandless gained popularity in the late 1990’s. One reason people are drawn to this story is because McCandless is a young guy and lives such a different lifestyle. How to cite Transcendentalist, Essay examples

Transcendentalist Free Essays

A Modern Day Transcendentalist The story of Chris McCandless is an inspiring one. Transcendentalism is the act of finding inner peace and relaxing. David Henry Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson are two authors who are transcendentalists. We will write a custom essay sample on Transcendentalist or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea of transcendentalism was started in America in the 1850’s. Chris McCandless is a college student who decides to become a transcendentalist. Chris McCandless is an example of a modern day transcendentalist because he fits the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience. One of the big ideas of Walden is that a person needs to separate himself from society to inner peace. Thoreau writes â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes into the woods to find inner peace after college along with other adventures in the desert and Denali National Park. Another big idea of Walden is a person only needs to live with the essentials. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦ to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms. Chris McCandless fits this idea because he only brings a backpack, a gun, a bag of rice, and a sleeping bag into the woods. Nature has a lot to teach is also a big idea of Walden. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦and see if I could not learn what it had to teach. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he learns a lot of survival techniques while in nature and he lives and dies while in nature. One of the big ideas in Self Reliance is trust yourself. Emerson writes â€Å"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Chris McCandless fits this idea because whenever he is offered help he declines it. Another big idea of Self Reliance is do not be afraid to be different and do not conform to others standards. Emerson writes â€Å"Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he does not care what other people think about him and he did not conform to others expectations. For example his parents want him to go to college and he decides not to because he wants to go into the wild. Do not envy what others have is another big idea of Self Reliance. Emerson writes â€Å"There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because rejects supplies, his parents, his car, and help. One of the big ideas of Civil Disobedience is laws do not have to be followed because each person should make their own laws. Thoreau writes â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes to Mexico without a passport, he kayaks into Mexico, he burns his money, and he train hops. Another big idea of Civil Disobedience is the majority is not always right and that people should follow their own beliefs and thoughts. Thoreau writes â€Å"When the power is once in the hands of the people, a majority are permitted, and for a long period continue, to rule, is not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because people may not support his way of life because it is against how the majority live. He lives differently in a lot of people’s eyes because he lives out in the woods instead of being with society. Based on his belief in the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience, Chris McCandless is a modern day transcendentalist. This type of lifestyle is not all that abnormal. Many people in the world live just like Chris McCandless. They all want to get away of society and live peacefully. The story of Chris McCandless gained popularity in the late 1990’s. One reason people are drawn to this story is because McCandless is a young guy and lives such a different lifestyle. How to cite Transcendentalist, Essay examples

Student Information Access System and Sms Technology free essay sample

Student Information Access System and SMS technology Features: Student ID card The student ID card displays the students name and ID number, year, course and section, and the date of issue. New students are encourage obtaining an ID card upon matriculation and are provided an initial no cost. Incoming freshmen are typically notified during the summer that they may send a photo in advance so that their Student ID card is ready when they arrive on campus. Database administrator * Administrates database * Monitors security on servers * Manages updates to school/students Automatic SMS Reporting Campus/school Auto Attendance automatically notifies the parents of their students’ attendance violations through SMS. At the prompt, the parents will have the option to leave SMS back excusing the students’ absences. Login as Student When a student enter his id and password, then he can visit all the following pages 1. Attendance: the student can get all his attendance (present and absent). We will write a custom essay sample on Student Information Access System and Sms Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Profile: he will get information like student id, student name, and father name, date of birth, nationality, city, address, country, and phone number. If he wants then he can change the profile 3. Time table: this show all the information on which day, which room, which class will be held at which time. 4. Fee: this show all your balances, fees structure semester and annual fee. Login as Administrator The administrator will enter his username and password, then he will enter in to the administrator page and this page consists of the following: 1. Add student In this registration form the administrator of the college/university/institute will enter the details of the students who are pursuing their education. The students detail like student id, name, password, father name, date of birth, etc. . Delete Student The administrator can delete the whole student information by clicking the link. By providing the user id of the student, the student information can be deleted. Scope: The systems handle information such as applications to enrol, collection of fees, class scheduling, and reporting and data functionality. Each day the students will register their attendance, the server wi ll download the attendance data at a pre-set time. It will process the attendance and send a set SMS message to the parents/guardians of the absentee student via SMS gateway server. The system also allows school authorities to send SMS alerts to parents/guardians regarding special events and emergencies. Delimitation: High security is needed to protect especially in the case of universities financial details, not to mention the other contact details of students. Personal information protection is a serious responsibility and heavily punishable by the law. Other problems or limitations include power supply and the storage capacity needed for the amount of students. The more students, the more data, and the more data means the more server processing power and memory that is required to make such a system work fully.

The distinctive disclosure is ... free essay sample

The distinctive disclosure is anticipated from things of wage and cost that are of such size, nature or event that their diverse disclosure is vital to clear up the execution of the component for the period. Presentation may be on the substance of the wage decree or in the notes. IFRS does not use or portray the term wonderful things. US GAAP: The term wonderful things isnt used, yet significant things are revealed freely on the substance of the compensation clarification while getting in contact at pay from exercises, and furthermore being depicted in the notes. Exceptional things IFRS: Prohibited. US GAAP: These are portrayed as being both uncommon and interesting. Exceptional things are unprecedented. Negative liberality rising in a business blend is created off to benefit as an uncommon get, presented freely on the substance of the compensation enunciation net of obligations. Introduction of the cost influence is either on the substance of the compensation enunciation or in the notes to the money related clarifications. We will write a custom essay sample on The distinctive disclosure is or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Declaration of saw pay and cost/Other finish wage and Statement of amassed other comprehensive wage. Presentation IFRS: Entities that present a declaration of saw wage and cost (SoRIE) are denied from showing a declaration of changes in financial specialists an incentive as a basic clarification; supplemental esteem information is given in a note. Seen wage and cost can be autonomously highlighted in the declaration of changes in financial specialists esteem if a SoRIE isnt shown as a basic verbalization. Substances that see actuarial increments and adversities from post work advantage plans in full in an incentive in the period in which they happen are required to display a SoRIE. A SoRIE ought to show up: (an) advantage or mishap for the period; (b) everything of pay and cost for the period saw direct in esteem, and the total of these things; (c) indicate wage and cost for the period (figured as the total of (an) and (b)), showing autonomously the total wholes inferable from esteem holders of the parent and to minority interest; and (d) for each portion of significant worth, the effects of changes in accounting procedures and amendments of bungles apparent according to IAS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. 1. US GAAP: One of three possible associations may be used: a single fundamental verbalization of pay, other thorough wage and amassed other finish pay containing both net wage, other extensive wage and a push ahead of totaled other broad pay; 2. a two-explanation approach (a declaration of thorough wage and amassed other broad pay, and a declaration of wage); or 3. a separate class highlighted inside the basic enunciation of changes in speculators esteem (as under IFRS). The consolidated wholes are revealed for everything of thorough wage (amassed other finish pay). The SEC will recognize the presentation masterminded according to IFRS with no additional disclosures. Setup IFRS: The total of pay and cost apparent in the period includes net pay. The going with wage and cost things are seen particularly in esteem: 1. fair regard grabs/(hardships) shorewards and structures, subtle assets, open accessible to be acquired hypotheses and certain budgetary instruments; 2. foreign exchange translation contrasts; 3. the aggregate effect of changes in accounting approach; 4. changes in sensible estimations of certain budgetary instruments if allocated as salary bolsters, net of appraisal, and pay wall renamed to pay and additionally the pertinent upheld asset/chance; and 5. actuarial increments and hardships on described preferred standpoint outlines apparent particularly in esteem (if the component picks the option open under IAS 19, Employee Benefits, relating to actuarial increases and adversities). US GAAP: Similar to IFRS, beside that revaluations of land and structures and indistinct assets are denied under US GAAP. Actuarial increments and mishaps (when amortized out of assembled other thorough compensation) are seen through the compensation clarification.

Financial Aid Essays

Financial Aid Essays Financial Aid Essay Financial Aid Essay To: Augusta State University Financial Aid Attn: Ms. Holmes Re: Reinstatement of Financial Aid To Whom this May Concern: I am again requesting the reinstatement of my Financial Aid (Stafford Loan and/or Pell Grant) to complete my graduation requirements which consist of, 9 hours that I will complete in the Fall of 2009, with a completion of all standards for my degree program in December of 2009. Previously, I was unable to attain satisfactory academic progress which resulted in me exceeding the number of attempted hours that is required for my degree, which was the reason for my first appeal. My first appeal was approved for Summer 2009 and Fall 2009 semesters as long as I didn’t have any unsuccessful attempts (F, W, WF, etc), however, some personal issues this Summer interfered with my ability to remain focused on my educational goals and the particular class that I was taking. With these issues, and the rigorous course work of that particular 4000 level course, which can be very difficult to cram a course of such nature in a Summer semester, simply became too much for me to effectively handle at the time, which resulted in me having to Withdraw from that particular class after mid-term, which I recognize to be a violation of my first appeal. In June, my mothers’ sister, who had a major hand in raising me, suffered a stroke at the brain which resulted in near death. : This took a toll on me, as well as my family, with me being the only reliable person who could actually spend days at the hospital, and be there for her rehabilitation. Also, during the midst of this, I lost my job, under un-fair circumstances, which was my only means of income for me, and my children. I am not using these issues resulting from my personal problems as excuses, but merely they were influential in me finding that the best result for me at the time was to Withdraw from that particular class. This Withdrawal was after mid-term, due to the fact that I tried to stick it out, but it became too much with the other issues that I had going on at that time. However, these issues in no way reflect the dedication, determination, and effort I exhibit in achieving my educational goals, which is still set for me to graduate in the Fall of 2009, as in my first appeal. I will now, just have to take 3 classes instead of 2 classes in the Fall, with the Fall Semester being longer than the Summer semester, therefore it will not be as much information to place in such a short period of time. Because of my sincere desire to complete my degree and request that my financial aid be reinstated for this remaining semester in order for me to do this, my solution is to, first, began working only on the weekends in order to dedicate more time to this last semester in order to focus more on the particular classes that I will be taking, and I have already been blessed with a job that will begin at the end of this month, which requires for me to work only on Saturday’s and Sunday’s. My aunt is also now back at-home, but is still undergoing rehabilitation at her home, which has freed up some of the extra time that I had to take to see her through. My mother has also agreed to actively have my children throughout the week in order for me to be able to devote more time to my remaining classes, because me receiving my degree is of the upmost importance. Please take this matter into consideration, because again, it is my sincere desire to complete my degree, and financial aid will be the only means to bear my school expenses with the current lost of my job, and me not starting another job until after the Fall fees are due, which is on July 31, 2009.

Hypercapitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypercapitalism - Essay Example Moreover, the total production is normally given guidance and the interests distributed through market operation. It dominated the western world after mercantilism was called to a stop. In addition to that, this system enlarges production capacity by putting in use the excess production over consumption (Colker 111). The initial goals were to allow private ownership of property, provision of capital to the firms, freedom of competition for economic gain and profit motive. Hypercapitalism is a society in which the values of capitalism are given more consideration than the other existing values (Maaasik & Solomon 522).The given essay by pulling information from various reliable resources is going to dwell mostly on hypercapitalism. In the contemporary society, market forces have penetrated almost all aspects of life (Graham 58). Not forgetting, all the companies have emerged into one. We are forced to pay for most intangible things (Perelman 87). This issue drives me to another thing a ltogether; the elements of hypercapitalism. Basically, we have gotten two. That is, excess capitalism and payments of unreal things (Perelman 50). They say that the only way to make your dream come true is by waking up. I totally agree with that. It is high time we all come to our senses and deal with the emerging issue. We should be like the cactus as opposed to the ostriches. Why do I say so? It is only the cactus that raises its head in the desert. With the ostrich, it tries to hide the head in the ground and imagine that the danger is gone. Hypercapitalism is taking stand. This is why we even find companies e.g. the Diesel advising its audience consisting of children that the best way to show their creativity is by having sex (Maasik & Solomon 522). In the recent future, most firms are bigger than what they initially used to be. Also, they are found in many countries at once. They only major on advancing their profit. Barbie’s breast for instance, is out of proportion tha t if she were to be a human woman, she would probably fall on her face (Maasik & Solomon 375). They have indeed prioritized on that rather than anything else. Single world currency has become a cliche to most of them. Moreover, money is considered to be what matters most (Maasik & Solomon 522). Formerly, in the classical duration of the political economy, production of commodities majorly depended on labor (Graham 90). In that case, the level of unemployment was quite low as compared to today. Most firms lay emphasis on the commodities which have been turned into ‘exchange values’. They are then transformed into money and try their level best to ensure that they have maximized on the profit without having a look at the quality of their products (Perelman 69). Taking for instance, United States, the issue of poor parental care is normally attributed to the negative effects of capitalism. It has also made no steps to improve or to help parents to provide parental care. Ho w is this possible? The free market together with the self-government principles that gyrate around Americans capitalism does not allow us to have consideration for social problems. In most cases, the society tries offering assistance by paying leave, insurance and maybe by offering accommodation away from the workplace. All these do not help in that they only take care of the parents and not the infants. The role of capitalism is founded on the basis that goods are meant to be exchanged in the markets. With time, the role of property is changing gradually. When a child is growing up for instance, he or she believes that the status quo of an individual is determined by what they own. We tend to be bound up that the only way human affairs are structured is through selling and buying.

Supply Chain Management and Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Supply Chain Management and Outsourcing - Essay Example The aspect of globalization therefore, highly influences various companies, especially the international companies. Apart from globalization, the cost factor and competition in the market are other pressures, which shape the operations of various companies. These among other factors have forced most companies to develop new strategies, which might help them gain competitive value in the market, in order to compete favorably, despite all the pressures in the market (Wisma, 2008). Nonetheless, most of the strategies, which companies have adopted mainly include those that will help to differentiate the companies. These include research and development, demand and customer management, and regulatory compliance, among others (Sople, 2009). In addition, in order to compete healthily in the market, companies today have invested in their supply chain management and functions, such as manufacturing, distribution, and logistics. One of the most important strategy, which companies adopt today w ith regard to supply chain management is outsourcing in the business supply chain. This is instrumental in the business, since it helps enables for goods, information, and services in the company to be distributed in an effective manner, including all processes from raw materials, manufacture, all the way to customer delivery (Sople, 2009). This paper will therefore, focus on supply chain management and outsourcing in business supply chain as a function in the overall supply chain management, and why it is important for companies. Outsourcing in business supply chain is an aspect and a function of supply chain management in a company. However, supply chain cannot be regarded as a function of a company, since this is a network, which is made up of different companies. Therefore, supply chain management mainly involves how each company implements the different cross-functional relationships between its major customers and suppliers, within that network. Nonetheless, for supply chain m anagement to be effective in a company, the company must involve each of its function in supply chain management. It is important to note that supply chain management is still a new business model, which companies started to adopt because of various pressure factors in the market (The Times of India, 2011). Today, it is demanded that companies should uphold both social and environmental responsibility. In addition, companies must adequately respond to the ever dynamic needs and demands of its customers in the market in order to remain competitive. Companies too are faced with the pressure of ensuring sufficient access to resources in order to sustain their business operations. It is also crucial for a company to maintain its profitability and grow its revenue and market share. All these factors influence and determine the success of any company in the market. Nonetheless, for a company to be successful in all these factors, it must be able to manage the different relationships, whic h emerge because of these functions. Therefore, a company should integrate these various business networks and relationships in a manner that will be ensure positive outcomes for the company. This management of the relationships between these different networks in a company, is what is entails the process of supply chain management (Sople, 2009). Different companies today practice supply chain management. However, not all of them are successful in this process. Those companies, whose management does not recognize the importance of integrating business’ network of business relationships in a

Strategic Procurement Issues Inherent In A Hospital Project Construction Essay

Strategic Procurement Issues Inherent In A Hospital Project Construction Essay Health care of the society is the top concern of the government. The government is committed to improving the quality of care of all the people therefore the poor quality of the hospital building became a major concerned. The aim is to restore and improve quality delivery of health services to local community required betterment of the facilities. There are two options available in front of trust and as per the government report; the trust has forty eight months to improve the hospital infrastructure. The chief executive and the head of the estate at trust with the consultation of central government have been provided two options: To renovate the existing building or To build a new hospital on a derelict site, this was formerly used by heavy industry owned by city council. This project is an assessment of the procurement options design and build novation procurement method under the private finance initiative and the issues that awake using the strategy during the project. After examine the carefully and assessing the entire clients (the Trust) requirement, for the proposed hospital, the report recommends building of a new hospital on the derelict site and the use of design and build procurement system. This is because the design and build procurement option offers cost effective, time bound, good quality and sustainable project delivery. The proposed design and build procurement system has the characteristics of achieving the issue of clients requirement appropriately and under the P.F.I. (private finance initiative) will give the best value for money with a focus on the public sector procurement as mentioned in the project brief. It also leads to time savings and achieve value for money and the required quality as per ground situation. The report also assessed the risks using the supply chain management under the scheme of private finance initiative involve in the project and their solution as the success of the project is concerned. Finally an effective supply chain management with T.P.I (Third party inspection) procedure has also been recommended for efficiency in the project delivery in order to meet the quality standard required by the hospital trust. INTRODUCTION This report seeks to address all the strategic construction procurement issues inherent in a hospital project and an appropriate advice given to the chief executive of the trust. The process is to map the effective stakeholders and their influence on the project. There is a brief of the project from initiation through design with drawing of the new build building as required a lot of detailed changes to convert the derelict industry into hospital building to make a proper use of the building as well as to make an appropriate use of the surrounding of the building. The operation and maintenance after construction in long run is major concern for providing a better and superior quality of services therefore design and build novation under P.F.I. is best option available. STATEMENT OF WORK 2.1 Scope of project Client Objectives: The time seems to be major constant as the Trust has given only 48 months of time to improve the structure and facilities and for the Construction of the new hospital building. As the estimate are final to 90 m Pounds the cost is also the major constant for the client obtained the certainty in cost to obtain best value for money with in a focus on the public sector procurement. The quality is also the major concern as the new build site is not developed properly and the trust has to Develop the road works, parking, hard and soft landscaping, drainage and other external works for the use of hospital running, Provision of office accommodation, a restaurant / cafà © area and obviously some form of warehouse and delivery areas. To preserve and develop and make appropriate use of the existing flora and fauna at the site of new build to make it more eco-friendly environment for the hospital patient and working of staff. It has been assumed that the present derelict bridge is just opposite the site of the building and near the flora and fauna to make appropriate use of the derelict pedestrian bridge, it can be develop for the site scene / landscape. s The study prevails that there is an existing mineshaft, which has to be close effectively so that it should not effect the environment of hospital surrounding in the future. There is need to adopt the construction management program to maintain supply chain management for effectively completion of project on time and maintain quality of material used and be in cost effective. Scope of the project Supply chain management procedures to be adopted so that all the material should be procure well in advance for the timely completion of the project and as all the material has to be procure by contractor by T.P.I. (third party inspection) by Independent body has been suggested to maintain the quality if the material used. The client has maintained PEP plan for control and performance measurement Comparison between the New builds site and Old Refurbishment. The following point has been taken to make comparison between New Building by using derelict industry and the Refurbishment of old building as per the client (TRUST Hospital) requirement. The survey team after analysing following points comes to conclusion that the use of new building for the construction of the hospital as an appropriate decision: The Survey team has assumed that the derelict Industry was closed due to competition in market and is not old more than 10 years as the Old hospital is approximately 70 to 80 years old. So structure needs more maintenance after construction It has been analysed that the old building has to be Control demolished which is still not possible with the current running of the hospital in the existing building. As its suggested that ramp should be used in hospital instead of stairs for the movement of patient from one floor to another and even in case of emergency like fire etc, when lifts cant be operate. So the construction of ramp in new building is easy else its very difficult to provide ramp in the old building. The derelict industry site has a wide range of flora and available in its surrounding which is best for the environmental policy of the NHS. From the studies of project brief it has stated that the hospital used for the acute care and accident and emergency so there will be a helipad will be preferred to Trust at the tar macadam area for landing of helicopter in case of emergency services through the helicopter, as well the new build site is well connected to road for quicker services through road as well. The new build site is also have provision for the future extension as the development are taking place in the surrounding area over decades of time. The specialist installation such as heating, ventilation and air condition is easy in new building while during the refurbishment it is quite difficult to replace the new with old one and difficult in after maintenance. Project Stakeholders The stake holders are important part in the overall process of project success so all the beneficial stakeholders are identified related to subject and their influence are clarify properly. As Walker and Marr states that a stakeholder is a term used for individuals or groups who have a connection to or an association with an organisation. They have a stake, claim, or vested interest in the day to day operation of the Project. The only way of business to know their value will be to determine exactly who their stakeholders areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..and to ask them. The urgency to adapt to stakeholder power and leverage it as a business strategy is not just a business fad; it is a winning approach and the more satisfying way to do business - WIN WIN Solution. A commitment to sustainability is broader, deeper and of substantially greater strategic value to a company than merely reporting on environmental outcomes. One goal of sustainability initiative is to realize long term business benefits by building non-financial performance measures- issues key stakeholders care about into business processes. When we have gained commitment from our stakeholders, it enhances our business performance, growth and higher stock value over time. All stakeholders may be important, but nobody said they were all equal. (Walker and Marr, 2001) Extended Stakeholderism The customers, employees, and owner, or investor would consider the immediate, or core, stakeholders because these are the one we live with every day. But as in our families we have close relation with and obligation to the rest of the family as well the extended stakeholder of the business. Business depend upon on forging powerful relationship with what we would call extended stakeholders, those individuals outsides an organization beyond customers who are important to the business, such as suppliers, alliance partners, community leaders, the media , and the government. Immediate Stakeholders Extended Stakeholders Individual investors Institutional investors Customers Employees Unions Suppliers Alliances Partners Industry associations Local communities Consumer/ user association Special interest group Media Government regulators Competitors Outside board directors The general public (Beyond local communities) Financial Analysis Lenders Education leaders The Status of Stakeholder Loyalty There is value in evaluating and classifying stakeholders according to different levels of commitment to the project. Survey research can/has determine peoples position regarding the firm and their loyalty to it. Their answers can/has used to position the stakeholders on a spectrum of: . How positive or negative they feel towards the firm and . How likely or unlikely they are to remain loyal or continue supporting the firm in the future. We would normally people in a simple matrix. There are four possible combination of high and low attitude and behavior in this matrix, so we can segment the stakeholders as being truly loyal, accessible, trapped, or high risk Behaviour Positive Negative Truly Loyal Accessible Trapped High Risk High ATTITUDE Low The successful stakeholder relationship passes through four stages, called the Four Gates of Engagement: Awareness, Knowledge, Admiration, Action. (Walker and Marr, 2001) Recognition of project through from initiation through design, construction, operation, and maintenance and their consequent impact on the project procurement issue As the new build site has proposed the following points are suggested for the construction As there was a mine shaft present in the surrounding of the site so a case study has been done to investigate the Bearing capacity of soil for the construction of the hospital building. The design is be eco-friendly basis on the following points: Their should be proper ventilation and natural Light and air arrangement for the patient health and to keep staff working spirit up for efficient working. The CLC (cellular light weight concrete) blocks are hollow and hence will help in maintaining the internal temp of the room and also help in reducing sound level as hollow blocks are good insulator of heat and sound. As CLC blocks are also help to eliminate the crack between the brick and concrete and hence it will lead to less maintenance in future better value for money. The large tar macadam area, surrounding the site should be developed as the helipad so that the emergency cases can be carry through the helicopter easily and further land will be used for the recreational activities of the staff. The derelict bridge can be developing for pedestrian to cross the road as the adjacent arterial road will become more congested during peak periods. Risks Miler and lessard (2001) states that the successful projects are not selected but shaped with risk resolution in mind. Risk is the possibility that event, their resulting impact and dynamic interactions may turn out differently that anticipated and construction is nothing special compared with other industries because we simply carry out projects to a specified timescale using teams of specialist for design and construction by marshalling appropriate resources to overcome the physical and technical power involved. So to manage risk is most important for the successful completion of project in Time to keep certainty in cost and achieve the appropriate quality. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS RISK ASSESSMENT IDENTIFYING HAZARDS Assess probability and consequences Priorities Risk control measure Remove Contractually Insurance Retain Self finance Reduce Eliminate/substitute Reduce chance Reduce effect Residual risk RISK MANAGEMENT Risk management Process (Gunn 2008) To monitor the risk, the risk register should be maintained at site RISK REGISTER Item Description Risk Without control Controls Residual risk Action H M L Cost Impact Time impact` Others (CIOB (2002) (Chartered Institute of building code of practice for project management, 3rd edition. Blackwell edition) PROCUREMENT RISK Procurement Method Balance of Risk Client Contractor Traditional Lump sum Client Led design and built Contractor -led design and built Management contractor Construction management Contractor Finance (PFI) Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Hughes and Murdoch (2000) states that the apportionment of risk in design and build contracts is unique among procurement methods. This uniqueness is brought about by the single point responsibility and by the nature of the relationship between employers requirement and contractors proposal. The following points are considered for risk management in Design and built: Money Completion of the project Default by employer or contractor Time Quality Measurement of performance and benchmarked Akintoye, Beck and Hardcastle (2003) indicated the PEP plan is a live, dynamic management document that records the project strategy, organisation, control procedure and responsibilities. It is updated regularly during the projects life cycle and used by all parties both as a means of communication and as a control and performance measurement tool. Value management and other activities lead to the completion of various reports that are contained in the PEP. Examples of items that PEP should contain are: The options appraisal incorporating the clients value system. The user needs the strategic brief. The performance statement of all aspects of the project, the project brief The project execution strategy The form of contract, partnering agreement, etc The contract specifications / drawings etc Project reporting procedure and particularly the procedure for information distribution, and communication, between the clients project team consultant and the contractor The executive summaries and action plan from value management workshop reports The risk management strategy and latest risk analysis The required completion date including for any phase Holroyd (2003) considered that this is not about lowest price, but ultimately about best overall value for money. Partnering implies selection on the basis of attitude to team working, ability to innovate and to other efficient solutions. We think that it offers a much more satisfying role for most people engaged in construction and the introduction of performance measurement and competition against clear targets for improvement, in terms of quality, timeliness and cost, as the principal means of sustaining and bringing discipline to the relationship between clients, project team and their suppliers. The evidence we have seen is that these relationship, when conducted properly, are much more demanding and rewarding than those based on competitive tendering. There are important issue here, particularly for the public sector. He also consider Latham Report that effective partnering between client and contractor with teamwork and a win-win approach helped to bring the Sizewell nuclear p ower station to completion on time and within budget. But there is still scope of improvement in productivity and cost reduction, especially if design and construction team could be kept together. Akintoye, Beck and Hardcastle (2003) consider that PFI is the principle model of PPPs in the UK NHS. Procurement Route: To choose an appropriate procurement strategy is most important to achieve value for money, cost certainty and in time and of best quality. Holroyd (2003) states that clients who know what they want, who do not change their minds, and who states clearly what they want, tend to procure projects that do represent value for money. As Masterman states that the formulation of the most appropriate strategy is one of the most important tasks that the client has to undertake the projects life. The project strategy consist of a number of sub strategic areas, which needs to be examines in detail so that appropriate decisions can be taken as to which sub strategy should be adopted. The following points should include: Milestone schedule time; Quality; Financial objectives, funding and cost planning The role of the client and the third parties; The client project objectives; Environmental issues; Safety; Legal and insurance issues; Technical and design philosophy Project/ work breakdown structure; Risk management; Project constraints; Public relation/ communication The appropriate method of procurement mostly depends upon the following: Whether the organisation is publicly or private owned or funded The level of knowledge and experience within the organisation in dealing with the construction industry and implementing building project. Whether the project is needed by the client to accommodated his/her own industrial or commercial activities or whether the project is needed to lease, or sell, to other. The activities carried out by the organisation and the resulting project typology. Categorisation of building procurement System: Separated Integrated Management Discretionary Oriented The Conventional System Design Variation British partnering of Property Build Design Federation Build System Package Develop Construction Deals Management Turnkey Construct Management Design Contracting Manage Design and Build In DB there is a single point responsibility for both the design and construction of the project. The clients benefits from the contractors expertise early in the project. Research (Gidado and arshi 2004) suggest that there may be as a many as six versions of design and build. For instance, Rawlinson (2008) reports on the recent successful use of develop and construction with a two stage tender and tendering arrangement, a novated design, open book accounting and with the risk and value benefits of a Collaborative approach all on the same project. Types of Design Build Arrangement Extreme Variety A Employer led Design Develop and construct Design and Build (Single stage tender) Z Contractor led design Design and build (two -stage tender) Negotiated design and build Design and manage Turnkey The client may wish to provide the contractor with minimal information in the form of an outline brief. This will leave the design and built contractor fully responsible for the conceptual and detail design in order to meet the employer requirements. An alternative twist on develop and construct, is to novate the architect or design team to the contractor once the contract has been awarded. This variant is known as novation design and build because the clients architect, and may be other member of the design team, are legally passed over to the contractor in order to produce the detailed aspects of the design. The novation arrangement should be agreed with the architect when he is first appointed. In this way, the client will maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will pay the continuing design fees through to contract completion and become responsible for the entire design. The Tender documents will contain details of the clients consultation and the proposed novation procedure, together with a requirement that the contractor who is eventually awarded the contract will have to accept responsibility for the total design of the project, including the initial work carried out under the clients aegis. In other words it is as if the consultants by the contractor, including the level of fees, have been predetermined by the client, although normally this is a matter for negotiation between the contractor and the design team. DESIGN AND BUILD CLIENT LED DESIGN RELATIONSHIP The Team being novated to DB Contractor . (WILEY-BLACKWELL, 3rd edition, construction planning, programming and control 2009: 32) Procurement strategy The choice of building procurement systems available to clients is now so wide that the need to carry out the selection of the most appropriate method depends upon the critically study of the clients (TRUST) requirement in a disciplined and objective manner. (Masterman 2006) The procurement of a construction is chosen upon the clients project requirement and a balance between time, quality and cost. After considering entire client requirements critically and the forecast budget. JCT Design and Build novated system contract is most appropriate for the construction of hospital for the trust as According to International Commission on building (CIB W92) the procurement process is a strategy to satisfy clients development and/ or operational needs with respect to the provision of constructed facilities fro a discrete life cycle. (Masterman 2006:26) Under the JCT 05 design and build conditions, it is perhaps worth noting the practice that the employer identified a design team and the same team will become the contractors team once the contractors is appointed under a design and build form of contract and the payment terms may be either stage payments or periodic payment. Periodic payments are normally monthly, whereas stage payments are based on agreed cumulative values linked to stages or milestone as stated in the contract particulars. The payments period from the payment request date is specified in the contract as 14 days. (Davison 2006) We can write it as the option chosen for the design and build is on the cost effective and time management as steffen and Jeffery in Stakeholder Power states that as proven by the corporate raiders, one of the fastest means of raising stock value is to boost profit by cutting costs. This ushered in the era of crash dieting by large companies also known as reengineering or downsizing. (Walker and Marr 2001) The Procurement strategy is chosen on the basis of following criteria noted in the NEDO report. NEDO has suggested eight procurement factors to be considered at the procurement stage. Of these, the three main considerations are: Cost certainty of the market price at the bid submission and final account stages. Time the overall timing of the project from inception to completion. Quality the clients required standard of design and workmanship as expressed in the specification. Five other considerations were also highlighted as being influential on the choice of the procurement route. These are: Complexity Complexity of the building design, layout and services provision. Controllable variation How sure is the client of his requirements? The cost of variation of the contract may prove difficult to agree and assess. Degree of completion Does the client wish to create competition at the design and construction stage of the project? Client Responsibility Does the client wish to be directly involved in the decision making during the project. Risk in the project Commercial risk, occupation risk, design and construction risk. Taking the following factors into account, decisions has made in relation to: Choice of appropriate Procurement strategy for managing the contract (JCT- Design and Build) The Clients requirement stated in the Task Considering the clients brief and assessing the projects feasibility Considering the Project Finance Decided how to procure and manage the design and construction Considering the realistic time period for the overall project. (Williams and Cooke 2009) As the time period is of high priority and the early starting of the project is the must as the Clients required the project to be: Completed as quickly as possible (because time is money a month delay in project not even counted the construction charges but also a lot of overhead and industrial charges also) Completed by specific date (that must be achieved to ensure the govt about the proper running of the hospital) Completed on time once it commence (with no time slippage by starting the project at once under design and build procurement method) 50 40 35% 30% 30 25 % 20 6% 10 2% 2% 0 JCT98 JCT JCT JCT JCT Other Standard Intermediate Minor with Management Form Form Works Contractors + Agreement Design Major Projects SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT HOLROYDS (2003) suggest that the supply chain role is critical to achieving sustained improvement and forward thinking. In the context of extensive sub-contracting this is perhaps more so. Partnering, correctly implemented, will provide benefits comparable to those obtained by the integrated project process. (Trevor M. Holroyd, Buildability, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London 2003) Some major clients have assembled their own standing lists of preferred suppliers according to requirement of their projects so that their project can be managed on a more long term and integrated basis while retaining an appropriate degree of competition and control. These suppliers or supply chain partners, include architects, engineers, main contractors, specialist contractors and suppliers of a variety of goods and services. The supply chain can be defined as the entire chain of processes that exist between the point at which a need for goods or services arises to the point at which the end user receives them and payment is made to the supplier. Problem is that one part of the chain impact directly on all subsequent stages, and proactive management of the supply chain is therefore fundamental to providing an efficient and effective procurement services to the organisation. (Cooke and Williams 2009) The contractor should be given the whole responsibility for the procurement of all material under the contract and a T.P.I (Third party Inspection by Individual body Trust) must be considered to achieve the best quality of material procurement. The essential point here is that the supply chain links, all the activities between suppliers and customers in a timely manner. The material will be procured at least 8 weeks before the schedule of use to maintain progress in time. Adversarial Relationship Collaborative Relationship Fragmented Lack of Process Customer Processes Customer Focus integration Satisfaction The role of SCM (supply chain Management) addressing the key problems in construction. (Fewings 2005) Cooke and Williams 2009 describes that the fast track system as a management approach aimed at the early completion of the construction phase using a combination of innovative procurement methods, industrialisation of the construction process and the use of work package contractors in order to benefits from their expertise, especially as regards their design input. The benefits of system include: Overlapping of work package both during design and construction Less duplication of effort and waste Less uncertainty and inefficiency at work package interface The use of innovative construction methods Incorporation of cutting edge technologies More emphasis on the standardisation, pre-assembly and modularisation of the construction process As a consequence, the fast-track system has the propensity to deliver completed projects in remarkable timescales. Identification and justification of relevant forms The purpose if this work is to examine the standard forms of contract most commonly used in the construction industry today. Standard forms look in at least three directions at once. One of these is towards the wider law, be it the law of contract, and be it statute law or common law, with its constant accretion arising out of decided cases. In addition all of this forms considered are entire co

Dramatic and relevant to a modern audience Essay

Lots of the characters under go personal development: for example Reverend Hale, who at first is all to eager to ‘shout witch’ but in the end is very disbelieving. My personal belief is that the events are a testament of how people shouldn’t live in a social structure that is overly tight. A crucible is a metal container in which metals are melted to extract their pure element from the impurities. This can easily be linked to the play: first witches supposedly boil potions in cauldrons and a synonym for cauldron is crucible. Secondly, it has a metaphorical meaning: the society of Salem is being heated and stirred in an attempt to remove the impurities and leave only the pure members of the society. An artificial Noah’s Ark, as it were, however this plan backfires some. Act 1 mainly revolves around Abigail and the girls being caught dancing in the woods. The drinking of blood is supposedly a charm to kill Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail wants to be with Proctor after Elizabeth kicked her out for having an affair with Proctor: â€Å"I know that you clutched my back out side your house and sweated like a stallion when ever I come near, or did I dream that? It is she put me out, you cannot pretend it were you. I saw your face when she put me out. You loved me then and you do now! † – Abigail Proctor is fighting an internal conflict; we know that on one side he wants to be with Abigail because: â€Å"[Looking at Abigail now, the faintest suggestion of a knowing smile on his face]† – Stage direction But we also know that he feels very guilty about Elizabeth: â€Å"I mean to please you Elizabeth† – Proctor However, he does tell Abigail that he wants nothing more to do with her: â€Å"Abby, I may have thought of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched Abby. † – Proctor All the time this encounter has been in occurrence, sexual tension is building in the audience. They are also learning about Proctors and anti-hero characteristics. We learn that his name is not entirely white. He is not perfect, and the same applies to most of the characters, they all have good and bad points. I think there are two important points here. One is that Abigail is trying to seduce Proctor with seductive language, and two: Betty is only pretending to be inert. She would have heard all of this, and that is most likely the reason behind her getting up and trying to jump out of the window. Also in Act 1 Abigail threatens marry Warren, Betty and the other girls against telling anyone anything: â€Å"Let any of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you†¦ and you know I can do it†¦ I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down† – Abigail It is here that we learn just how aggressive and manipulative that Abigail really is. She was trying to manipulate Proctor and now she is being extremely aggressive and even explicit towards the girls. We can tell that this is a frantic and tense moment on stage by the over average use of exclamation marks and use of short sentences. We can also see physical violence from Abigail as she violently shakes Betty around. Visually this would be interesting for the audience, creating both anger and tension. There is contrast in the loud violence of this moment to the quiet seduction from Abigail before. Act 2 contrasts from the end of Act 1, in the fact that it is a calm and peaceful scene, over the loud fear-driven hysteria of the end of Act 1. Proctor comes home from ‘seeding’ his farm late at night, and he sits down to eat, with Elizabeth. From the general feel of the scene we can gather that the common room of Proctors house is cold, empty and unwelcoming. This parallels with the relationship between John and Elizabeth. There’s is a great amount of tension between the pair, and they idly make chit-chat at the table, as they feel they need to: â€Å"Proctor: Pray now for a good summer. Elizabeth: Aye† It should be noted that it is Proctor who is trying to make conversation; Elizabeth is spoiling his attempts with one-word answers. Proctor is feeling frustrated because Elizabeth is not acknowledging that Proctor is trying his hardest to repair the relationship. He is forever claiming his desire to please Elizabeth: â€Å"I mean to please you Elizabeth. † – Proctor I believe that the audience would to be getting frustrated with Elizabeth not forgiving him. The tension in the audience would also rise, due to the complete lack of any sexual tension. Arthur Millers ‘The Crucible’ raised issues that were as relevant in the 1950’s as they were today. The idea of conformity will always exist. People who define this ideologies and beliefs by which groups of people live will always exist. As will accusations made towards one group from another group, to solve their problem, or help their cause. Arthur Millers play took on some very strong issues, that are still relevant to date, it is one that cannot be ignored because of Millers ability to touch issues and themes that have plagued mankind all through history, and will continue to do so in the future.